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When the railway came through Grey County in the 1870s, a parcel of land was sold to be made into a station, and Markdale was officially born. As a crucial stop between Toronto and Owen Sound, the town flourished as a business hub. The town's population ebbed and flowed over the following decades, until the founding of a factory that would keep Markdale on the map. Chapman's Ice Cream was establis

North America's first oil boom happened not in Texas, or Alberta, or Alaska, but in southwestern Ontario. Discover the story behind Petrolia, Ont., in this animated short video.

Canadian Geographic's GeoMinute series offers bite-sized videos commemorating significant moments, places and figures in Canadian history.

Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American, marries abdicated King Edward VIII.

After a period of mourning for King George VI, planning begins for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen's husband, Prince Philip, suggests hers be the first ever televised coronation, and on June 2, 1953, millions of people in the U.K. and around the world tune in to watch as St. Edward's Crown is majestically placed on the new monarch's head.

Many childhood memories were made at The Regent theatre when it first opened in 1918; although it has undergone many changes over the years, the community has rallied to keep these theatre doors open in downtown Picton, Ontario.

Marine biologist Dr. Diva Amon explores the hidden forces in ice that can restore ecosystems.

Smoked meat sandwiches aren't the only attraction at Nate's Deli.

Summer in Saskatoon doesn't last long, but host Christa Couture is making it count. Join her to bask in the heat of stock car racing, wheelchair basketball and soaring above the prairie in a Second World War open cockpit plane at sunset.

Explore the journey of Old Man Ontario, the Silver Fox, the Laird of Lindsay, Leslie Frost and the peculiar influence his barber had over policy in Ontario during the 1950s.

Teeny Terry loses control of his snug when trying out some new upgrades; after Big Doh loses his voice, Grumbles fills in as a Squeaky Peeper.

Berry Season is one of Emily Elizabeth and Clifford's favorite times of year; when the pair gets up early to go berry picking, they get carried away with berry-day-dreams and don't leave any berries for the rest of Birdwell Island!

Donkey and Panda get frustrated when the sandcastle they are building at the beach keeps falling.

One and friends can only escape from the Lair of Shares by learning how to share and solving the puzzles inside.

Gabby joins her sister Kaitlyn to take care of the cattle on her farm; Gabby hand milks a dairy cow that makes milk sold at grocery stores.

Brody visits Amanda, a manufacturing engineer who specializes in underwater robotics. Amanda introduces Brody to a fleet of underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) that are used to survey aquatic infrastructure and study marine life. The pressure is on when Amanda submerges the ROVs in pressure tanks, making sure they don't leak or implode in the deep waters. Brody takes the controls and test

The mammoths will soon be extinct.

Humdinger, Sid and Sweetie join forces to try and take over the Lookout.

Let's figure out what the pattern is!

Zoologists Martin and Chris Kratt discover the abilities of wild animals using Creature Power Suits as they travel the world and go on adventures.

Morley and the Science Team have a secret message to deliver; together they build a Rube Goldberg machine that successfully delivers the most secret of messages.

Momma B, the enormous Eurasian Brown Bear, sings stupendous bear facts on her hit track, "I Do It All for Love.".

The Game Catchers travel to a planet with creatures called Boonloons that make balloons after eating a special fruit; they must embark on a journey across the desert to find them to play Crush the Balloons.

Why has the sky in Okido turned so red? With the help of Zim, Zam and Zoom the friends go on a trip in the rocket to find out!

Aarav and Gratian visit the crafting zone and Mandisa shows them how to make colourful caterpillar crafts using socks. The kids stuff the socks with wool and make caterpillar bodies with a string of yarn. Over in the paint zone, the kids give each section of their caterpillars a different colour, before adding googly eyes and pipe cleaner antennae.

Skye and Rory rescue a painter hanging from a scaffold.

Elephants become trapped in the Monkey Temple after a bee frightens them away from their watering hole; Wingnut runs away from wolves that are attracted to his yodeling and he ends up trapped in a canyon.

Coach Ann-Merrie teaches Gabrielle how to warm up like a soccer pro.

Frizzy is ready to lead her greatest adventure yet, beating her Grandpa's record and proving herself a superstar sailor; before Reef and Roadie hack the race to nab the award for themselves and land in hot water.

Nooni has a secret hobby and when she realises Momolu likes it too she decides to share it with all of her friends.

JoJo and Gran Gran are having a sleepover; JoJo loves to look at the night sky, so Gran Gran suggests that they go stargazing in the garden; what can they spot in the night sky? Are there more constellations to find?

Mandisa crafts a Bumblebee windsock by reusing a toilet paper roll and some pretty paper streamers.

Marco is afraid to tell his mother that he drew with her lipstick; after accidentally unraveling Willy's hat, BeeBee and Choochoo don't dare confess their mistake, and now they're on the run.

Gecko Boi is a delight; spotting Geckos in Europe's warmer climates.

One day, Cookie, Candy and Pudding visit Grandma for afternoon tea; she offers them honey, a treat that the kittens have never tried before; Grandma teaches the kittens that honey is made by bees.

Tall is delighted to discover a cute creature in a cave. But when the creature follows him home, followed by additional cute creatures, Tall and Tiny find themselves in over their heads!

The Game Catchers arrive on a planet populated by strange cactus-shaped aliens; their new friends teach them to play Seek-and-Find, but a pesky bug flies off with the item they need to find.

Mandisa shows Vanier and Colette how to build a robot.

Bamboo Love learns how to be a running guide for visually impaired Polar Bear while observing other parasport track athletics such as the high jump; the panda learns how to use auditory cues and a running tether to keep Polar Bear safe.

The babies and their friends enjoy spending time together; friends can be brothers, sisters, cousins and the neighbors who live down the street.

The Bananaraptors fall into a deep hole; Ginger and the Baby Pea-Rexes think of a clever and creative way to get them out safely.

Polkaroo and Angela make some noise and learn some new moves using patterns to have a dance party.

The Colorblocks meet a new animal that can change color.

The Sniffy Zoomer loves smelling beastie flowers, but they don't like it; the flowers run away into a lake, and the Sniffy Zoomer dives in after them, along with B.O.T.

Pink starts a game where the Very Small Creatures cannot touch the floor because it is lava.

Emily Elizabeth and Clifford host their first-ever backyard campout with all of their friends; they can't wait to sing, play cards, eat marshmallows, and tell ghost stories.

When Ollie and Moon head to Paris to pet sit a guinea pig, it turns out to be harder and more rewarding than they thought.

Lili has a plan to create the perfect retirement gift for Ivan, but must learn to compromise when things don't go as planned.

Dana puts on a puppet show for Dexter to help him sleep that turns into a Dino-sized fantasy adventure featuring Knight Dana and Prince Dad.

When Mina the giant bat injures her wing, Audrey and Tommy are charged with feeding its baby in the bat cave; Tommy is scared of bats and causes a commotion in the cave; can he overcome his phobia to save Audrey and complete the mission?

When Cap'n Turbot's ship disappears, the PAW Patrol must find the missing vessel.

When pirates Alex, Julia, Julius and Chick-ARR-letta set sail into the desert and become lost, it's up to the PAW Patrol to save the land pirates; Cap'n Turbot and Francois chirp for help when a bird-watching contest leaves them up in the air.

Coach Ann-Merrie teaches Gabrielle how to dribble a soccer ball.

Singer Melody's GRATITUDE card has been taken and no one in Wordsville can express any thankfulness or appreciation for one another.

Messy wants to run further, but he keeps getting out of breath; he hopes to take on the Great Okido challenge and race to the finish line.

Young inquirer, Anvitha, asks intrepid inventors, Blynk and Aazoo whether trees can talk; with the help of an intergalactic science expert, Jessie, she discovers the ways trees communicate everything, from a need for water to danger from an insect.

Sheldon is desperate for a new toothpaste.

Rosie wants Javi's popcorn for family movie night, so she tries to find the perfect trade; Rosie makes a seashell museum at the beach.

To plug an air vent at the bottom of the lake, Ginger and the Baby Pea-Rexes must seek the help of the mighty Watermelonsuchus!

The Joyful Boing loves to bounce and will happily spring off anything, including B.O.T.; it lives in a world of pointed rocks, so the risk of puncture is high; B.O.T. tries to prevent this from happening whilst attempting to collect the data.

Bebe and Mo check out Toronto's Allan Gardens; Gavin visits the Ottawa tulip festival.

Pip and Posy give out medals for winning their games; when Zac joins in, he isn't very good, but they fix the games for him to win; Zac gets upset as he wants to earn the medals.

Tiny and Tall are tired of having to call across the chasm between their mountains in order to communicate; Tall wants to build a speaking tube, whereas Tiny suggests miming. But neither method feels quite right; they put their heads together to create a simple telephone system using string and two empty razznut shells; now, they just need to get the length of the string exactly right.

One day, the kittens and Mommy visit Mustard.; she is in a bad mood and is not having any fun, no matter what game they try and play; the three kittens show Mustard that doing chores with friends can be fun.

When Fire Chief Franklin heroically rescues Fisherman Charlie, the kids are inspired to honor the chief with a medal of bravery, but it goes missing; the friends create their own superhero group to find the medal before the ceremony.

All the Colourblocks come together for a big song; learn different colors and color mixes with the Colourblocks.

Eric learns that anything can float if it is the right shape, even pumpkins and concrete; how displacement and density help heavy objects float.

Bondini and Holly help Akira make a super ninjascope for his dad.

Howie and Baboo watch as a cement truck pours cement and construction workers smooth it out until a sidewalk is formed.

The top three facts on the unknown parts of airplanes; the gyroscope; the toilet; the black box.

Ginger and the baby Pea-Rexes seek shelter in a cave during a wild snowstorm, but it looks like other Vegesaurs had the same idea.

When Arlo loses hope about his beach clean up, Mr Hugo reads him a story about an ambitious superhero, who learns a little can go a long way.

When Rocky Kitty runs away and tries to join the "PAW Patrol," he helps the pups rescue Humdinger and the kitties from a hang-glider ride; when the Good Neighbor Robots confuse Farmer Al's request, they wind up being the target of a hungry eagle.

Coach Ann-Merrie teaches Gabrielle how to pass a soccer ball.

Dex and Kayla need help taking on prehistoric undersea creatures like the Colossal Squid, Megalodon, and Albertonectes while hunting for fossils in their time-bending submarine.

The Wombats build a Cause and Effect machine; Super's best friend Chanaa pays a visit.

The agents must figure out who is in charge when Ms. O leaves for a super-secret mission; Otis and Olympia get a new robot partner.

Service dog Atlas teams up with a young girl with a limb difference. Then, a horse named Ace helps a 13-year-old boy with Down syndrome find his voice.

The Wild Kratts travel to different habitats to find out why the coyote is so adaptable.

Luna Li brings her harp to the backyard, Monica builds her own instrument and Junior Jammer Christina joins them for a "dreamy art-pop music" performance.

When Morgan accidentally sends academy photos to Leon, the school's biggest blabbermouth, the academy is in danger of being revealed to the entire school.

It's game on as Tai meets his latest dreamer, 10-year-old Dominic, a video game guru; to give Dominic a chance to level up on his dreams, Tai takes him to two different game studios where Dominic gets a taste of everything the video game industry can offer.

3-year-old Cartier faces his fears of being taken by strangers by picking up lunch for his family, all by himself; 5-year-old Alyaan takes the bus alone for the very first time.

In the coastal city of Hervey Bay in southern Queensland, Ernie meets a Butchulla musician and a couple focused on ecotourism.

The United Nations, created in 1945 with 50 nations signing on, has since grown to 193 nations who collectively support the organization's humanitarian ideals.

Exploring Tazeen Qayyum's unique artistry, shaped by her experiences in Pakistan and Canada; her use of motifs and repetition.

David Attenborough explores how the threat of extinction for millions of species may lead to problems with food and water security, the ability to control the climate, and a greater risk of pandemic diseases.

The town of Cobalt, once the site of a silver rush, is named after another metal.

The United Nations, created in 1945 with 50 nations signing on, has since grown to 193 nations who collectively support the organization's humanitarian ideals.

When a taxi is burnt out, Finn worries that organized crime is coming to town in the shape of ex-con Aidan Hunter.

Politicians in what is now known as Kenora come up with a controversial solution to change an unattractive name.

Esmaa Mohamoud's sculpture series, "One of the Boys," mixes two different kinds of uniforms, the basketball jersey and the ball gown; this combination poses a range of questions about how gender is defined and how it's experienced.

The United Nations, created in 1945 with 50 nations signing on, has since grown to 193 nations who collectively support the organization's humanitarian ideals.

The group heads south to Calgary to experience life on the streets; in an Edmonton prison, the travelers learn what life is like on the inside.

In a style inspired by tradition, Christi Belcourt's "The Wisdom of the Universe" reveals that the wonders of the natural world are worth fighting for.

The United Nations, created in 1945 with 50 nations signing on, has since grown to 193 nations who collectively support the organization's humanitarian ideals.

David Attenborough explores how the threat of extinction for millions of species may lead to problems with food and water security, the ability to control the climate, and a greater risk of pandemic diseases.

Explore Toronto-based artist and scientist Radha Chaddah's practice where she pushes creative boundaries, transforming microscopic imagery into captivating prints.

When a taxi is burnt out, Finn worries that organized crime is coming to town in the shape of ex-con Aidan Hunter.

Against the changing face of Toronto's Little Jamaica, where she established some of the city's landmark reggae record stores, singer Nana McLean challenges outdated stereotypes and establishes her reputation as the queen of reggae in Canada.

The group heads south to Calgary to experience life on the streets; in an Edmonton prison, the travelers learn what life is like on the inside.

Each year on November 8, Canada honours the bravery and sacrifices of the nearly 12,000 Indigenous veterans who have contributed to various war efforts. Past and present Indigenous service members have faced and continue to fight discrimination within the forces, and as it celebrates its centennial in 2024, the Royal Canadian Air Force is on a mission of reconciliation.

In a style inspired by tradition, Christi Belcourt's "The Wisdom of the Universe" reveals that the wonders of the natural world are worth fighting for.

In the coastal city of Hervey Bay in southern Queensland, Ernie meets a Butchulla musician and a couple focused on ecotourism.

In 1956, Dr. Anne Innis Dagg became the first Western researcher to study any wild mammal in Africa. She is still known as one of the foremost experts on giraffes.

Jeyan meets two teachers in Atikokan who create a soothing classroom to help students with diverse needs.

Aviation pioneer Amelia Earhart finds fame after successfully crossing the Atlantic in 1928.

When the Dominion of Canada was formed in 1867, Inuit homelands remained free from colonial government interference, and the Inuit continued to govern themselves as they had for thousands of years; in 1950, Parliament declared Inuit distinct from First Nations and granted them the vote.

If you're looking for a specific record, you'll probably find it at Brian's Record Option in Kingston, but you'll need his help.

The United Nations, created in 1945 with 50 nations signing on, has since grown to 193 nations who collectively support the organization's humanitarian ideals.

Microbial ecologist Allison Fong goes on a journey to uncover the mighty power of tiny creatures.

The town of Ajax, Ontario stands as a memorial to soldiers who fought in a naval battle off the coast of South America.

With a tie atop the leaderboard, the Arcathlon is back; the contest continues with the most physically and mentally demanding events ever in the history of ARC; the first-ever Para All-Round Champion is crowned.

Jambo shows Jasmine a banjo handmade by his luthier friend; while Jambo is away, Jasmine loses sight of the instrument and thinks it has fallen into the sea; to hide this, she improvises a banjo made with materials found on the beach.

Duck Duck finally finds her family's treasure nest, but she is unable to open it.

Emily Elizabeth pretends to be a farmer.

Set in the world of Colorland, characters Red, Yellow, Blue, Purple, Orange and Green embark on colorful adventures; they discover the world overflows with color.

Bamboo Love learns that Bagpipes have one of the unique and distinctive sounds of any musical instrument.

When Smudge the puppy goes missing, Nina, Joe and Buddy interrupt their outdoor gymnastic practice and track his paw prints up to where he's stuck on a rocky ledge.

It's a windy day and Odo wants to fly his kite, but Camp Leader has planned feather crafts instead; when an intruder comes to camp, it's up to Odo and Doodle to use the kite and some feather work to save the day.

Packed with warmth and humor, Pip and Posy is a joyful celebration of friendship.

The kittens and Daddy visit the library, but the library has strict rules; you are not allowed to make noise, run around or play and the only thing you are allowed to do is read books; the kittens don't want to follow the rules!

A leisurely sailing trip for Frizzy, Spyke, Big Trev, and Aunty Bev takes a turn when their boat gets caught on the reef.

Baby coconuts with adorable big eyes are falling out of the palm trees; when one baby coconut struggles to get the hang of their legs, Ginger and the baby Pea-Rexes step in to help.

Beatrix runs away after feeling neglected while Riley focuses on writing a new song; the Copycats take the form of monsters to scare everyone out of Greenville and turn it into their own skate park.

When Zoe and Oliver become obsessed with slime after it turns into a new playground craze, Isadora makes a big blob of scary slime when she tries to use magic to make it more fun.

Things go wrong for Mr. Porter and Winnie Winnington at the orienteering relay in Yellowbone National Park; Mayor Goodway invites her friend Helga Humdinger and her rival Mayor Humdinger to City Hall for afternoon tea.

Carl surprises Sheldon with a lemonade stand, but is confused when Sheldon runs off; Carl's caterpillars turn into butterflies.

The gang comes up with fun activity ideas that Maggie ruins with her less-than-fun information; when Slippy finds an old ship trapped in ice on Triton, he calls for Ella and Madhu.

A medical skeleton named Bones answers body-related questions that are sent in by real-life children, while a squad of kid reporters known as the B Team find out more about the topic.

Orli and Ozzie must find two grown-ups lost in HQ; Odd Squad goes undercover at a villain wedding.

The search for Mr. Splendito tickets is on; the Wombats power-clean a bunch of bikes.

Eric learns how to make the color green by combining blue and yellow; by mixing different colors, we can create new colors.

Morley and the Science Team have a secret message to deliver; together they build a Rube Goldberg machine that successfully delivers the most secret of messages.

Red is sad about being inside on a gray day but soon learns that being inside can be just as fun.

The Singalings go to school, a place to learn and play with friends.

When Jackson and Codie decide to have a go-cart race, Mia gives Codie a little extra edge and a little extra code, to help him win; the race is on.

Bamboo Love learns about the Tuba, which is the largest and loudest brass instrument when played in the orchestra.

When the creatures discover a rocket, they blast off to a never-before-seen place with lots to do and explore!

The MixMups start a game of building a "bigger-than-me-cake"; the MixMups must find another way for Spin to see through his plan to eat the entire cake all by himself.

A little block falls from the sky and learns about the number one.

Kenny G sings about the letter B to a crowd of animals and beckons bawling babies, beavers and bananas.

Coco Lala wants to teach pirouettes to Coco Toot and Coco Loulou; Lala creates a new fun dance on a trampoline.

Grumpy Polly is waiting to be 'rescued' at the top of the big slide by her friends who are having the best time pretending to be firefighters. But when Firefighter Stephie discovers that she's afraid of heights, the tables are turned, and it's up to Polly to do the rescuing and get Stephie down safely.

Night turns to day, and the pugs wake up to the sounds of baby birds in their nest; good thing Poppy has a net ready when their feathered friends learn to fly.

JoJo and Gran Gran are enjoying a canal walk when they meet Ned and Monty, who need some help; Ned's looking for the lock key, so they can take their canal boat through the lock and along the canal.

BooSnoo goes for a spin, including a zoetrope and a journey through speedy spinning tops.

Bruce Lee helps Xavier and Brad realize that no matter how angry they get, they are in charge of what their body does; Sonia Manzano shows Yadina that telling stories can help manage big feelings.

Leetia is an 8-year-old Inuk girl who lives in Ottawa, Ont.; she loves her two pets Tuko and Kiki and also loves all kinds of whales.

When reporter read's notebook with the word "serious" emblazoned on the front goes missing, so does the word "serious"; word detectives Gabby and Sly call Baker Graham and Artist Clay to solve this word mystery.

Humdinger tries to sabotage the Air Rescue Pups' Air Show; Uncle Otis' powerful magnetic drone goes rogue and starts picking up every metal object in sight.

Tommy is excited to celebrate Audrey's birthday, but she seems more interested in Nala the giraffe who is about to have a baby.

It's Ella's mom's birthday, and Ella wants to get her mom a present just from her; Ella and Tilly crash their toy race cars and smash Mom's crystal; the girls head out to Diamond Planet and must replace the crystal before mom gets home.

The Puffins come back to town; they crash-land onto rocky coastal shores; they dig out little burrows near cliff edges, laying one little puffling egg in each; they chat with their neighbors in the next burrow.

Nina is missing a moccasin she needs for powwow workout class and jumps to the conclusion that Smudge the puppy has taken it.

Creating a family of pot planters out of old plastic bottles to hang in the home and garden!

During a snowball fight, Ginger and the Pea-Rexes accidentally wake up a Kiwimammuthus from its hibernation and have to tire out the furry beast to get it back to sleep.

JoJo and Gran Gran press a flower so that it will last for a long time; JoJo and Gran Gran look through Gran Gran's wedding album and enjoy old photographs and happy memories.

The Game Catchers land on the Bubble Planet, where they learn the game Blow the Ball; they will have to work together after Nina and Boxy become captured by a bubble.

The top four facts on fog.

Packed with warmth and humor, Pip and Posy is a joyful celebration of friendship.

Felix's Mother gives Felix some dried beans from last year's garden, and asks if he would like to plant them.

Bamboo Love learns how to be a running guide for visually impaired Polar Bear while observing other parasport track athletics such as the high jump; the panda learns how to use auditory cues and a running tether to keep Polar Bear safe.

Marco can't finalize his block structure because the nettles he ran into earlier make him very itchy; on a hike in nature, Willy bumps into a flower and its pollen transforms BeeBee into a flower; Willy must find out how to turn his grandson back to his Woolly self before it's too late.

When Ollie and Moon go to Finland to train for the air guitar championships, they discover the best way to do it is with a happy, healthy routine.

Tiny invents a new game for Tall, but it's too tricky; Tall doesn't understand why some numbers are odd, and some are even; a missing beanbag helps makes things clear.

The wolf walks through the woods in search of a peaceful spot to practice.

The Fruity Tapper is hunting for fruit; its unusual method of fruit collection causes B.O.T. to be rattled, bounced about and covered in sticky fruit juice.

Carmen learns about bagpipes.

Donkey and Panda make a birthday gift for Bob Dog.

In Alaska, Zamzoom and Orbie go digging for mushrooms with grizzly bears.

Neville pretends to be royalty and builds himself a life-size sandcastle; he makes himself king but forgets that a king tide is forecast for Kangaroo Beach.

Arthur catches Buster sucking his thumb; Arthur and the gang create their own country, complete with no rules, laws or chores.

Iggy wants to see the garbage truck, but Rosie doesn't know how to get it to come to their house; Rosie attempts to bring nature inside.

A rainy day means it's time for a muddy Ruff Ruff Race; Emily Elizabeth, Clifford, Sam and Bailey gear up for a day of racing in the mud.

Olive and Otto, agents with the Odd Squad, investigate unusual happenings in their town.

Odd Squad agents share their observations of unusual things around the team's headquarters.

Martin and Chris encounter what could be the last largest lobster.

Service dog Atlas teams up with a young girl with a limb difference. Then, a horse named Ace helps a 13-year-old boy with Down syndrome find his voice.

When Arlo loses hope about his beach clean up, Mr Hugo reads him a story about an ambitious superhero, who learns a little can go a long way.

Celeste and Ella try to recreate a Violetta Firth invention; Axel and Chase solve a case for Ms. Martel; Max struggles to keep his secret about the award nominations from Nicholas.

After a glowing review and synopsis of The Barren Grounds, Ainara travels through her attic portal to visit author David A. Robertson under the prairie night sky.

Energy resources can be used as bargaining chips and put pressure on countries dependent on them through imports; but even resource-rich areas can suffer from the repercussions of failed power and distribution models.

If you're looking for a specific record, you'll probably find it at Brian's Record Option in Kingston, but you'll need his help.

Monty sees a dazzling display of tulips in Turkey and learns their sacred significance, before making his way to India to explore the tomb gardens of the Mughal Empire.

Inspired by the iconic photography of Brad Washburn, mountain climbers Renan Ozturk, Freddie Wilkinson and Zack Smith try to scale Denali.

Roy Panton and Yvonne Harrison made history as one of the first Jamaican ska duos. Decades after going their separate ways, the pair rekindle their magic-this time, 3,000 kilometres north, in Scarborough, Ontario.

A cinematic musical odyssey across six continents, showcasing rivers on scales and from perspectives never seen before.

Energy resources can be used as bargaining chips and put pressure on countries dependent on them through imports; but even resource-rich areas can suffer from the repercussions of failed power and distribution models.