NHK World Premium

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Special programs ranging from entertainment shows to documentaries will be shown.

Special programs ranging from entertainment shows to documentaries will be shown.

A family stage show with NHK characters Domo-kun and Nanami-chan interacting with guests and audience.

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Let's learn about SDGs while singing along! A selected goal out of 17 will be introduced in each one-minute song with animation.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

An informational program that reveals Japan as it is by following incidents posted on local media such as local newspapers and business presses.

Each episode focuses on a word as a theme, exploring its meaning and history while discovering the charm of Japanese language. The program also features dance performances of quotes from the world's great figures, visits schools to interact with children, and introduces classical performing arts and songs, making it enjoyable for both children and adults.

Children search for wonders worldwide and challenge themselves to communicate with foreigners in English through puppet shows, games, animation, and more. Have fun and learn English naturally with a witch, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu!

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

Comedian Tamori takes you on a tour across the country to offer a glimpse of history hidden in modern scenes.

Project X returns for the first time in 18 years. The former series featured people involved in project related to the Japanese industry and contemporary history. The new series focuses on people in the “Lost Era” following the collapse of the bubble economy. In every era, there are always those take on challenges. Even without receiving praise or being in the spotlight, some dedicate themselves t

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

A Saturday night show presents the latest news on domestic and foreign affairs with reliable coverage and innovative presentation.

Saturday Drama, a time slot that continues to present dramas which reflect contemporary society while offering strong entertainment value, returns as part of the new season lineup.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

This live entertainment show delivers the latest music performances and information, and also connects with the audience making full use of social media.

Special programs ranging from entertainment shows to documentaries will be shown.

Discover the magnetism of charismatic Japanese entertainers.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A dietary education program introducing tips for cooking and knowledge of ingredients while enjoying singing and dancing with humorous animation.

Nyan-chu, a cat from the earth, introduces human lives and cultures to the aliens in outer space.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Self-taught artists are gaining respect globally. In Japan, such artists are making career-defining works, but few art fans or curators know them.

A documentary based on timely subjects famous for its dignity and in-depth reporting.

A documentary program targeting the younger generation, who are turning away from TV, produced and directed by young creators.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

As different colors, blue and yellow can make green by getting together, similarly different lives can coexist by helping each other. This is a program to develop the mind of living together.

Project X returns for the first time in 18 years. The former series featured people involved in project related to the Japanese industry and contemporary history. The new series focuses on people in the “Lost Era” following the collapse of the bubble economy. In every era, there are always those take on challenges. Even without receiving praise or being in the spotlight, some dedicate themselves t

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The latest up-to-date weather information.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Enjoy the Japanese natural beauties and the many creatures which habitat there and discover the irreplaceable importance of nature.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A journey to the different places around Japan.

Amid the issues that regional communities face, local people are rethinking about traditional values and exploring new ways to live together beyond generations. This is a travel documentary visiting affectionate lives of this country.

Children can learn the enjoyment of designing and the process of envisioning designs.

Experts in different fields, not restricting to politics or economics, will get to the heart of a certain subject making headline news in Japan.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Introduce selected news and other information programs related to disasters and reconstructions with experts' comments. The program also focuses on ongoing projects to protect communities from disasters.

A scientific information program which explains the latest research, disasters and accidents from scientific aspects with a virtual set in the studio.

Let's look into the world of Ukiyoe to learn how people lived in Edo period!

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

A very popular live program on a Sunday afternoon held at different towns and cities around Japan. Guest singers will also join in for support.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

This music program features beloved Japanese songs - timeless classics that have captured the nation's hearts and continue to be cherished across generations.

Each week, a particular sweet and its recipe will be introduced along with various topics about the sweet.

Special programs ranging from entertainment shows to documentaries will be shown.

A children's program comprised of fun stories, songs as well as gymnastic exercises which can be enjoyed together with fathers.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The show is MC-ed by comedian Ariyoshi Hiroiki, who hosts an NHK program on a regular basis for the first time. The mascot character 'Kaneo-kun' (voice of Nobu, of comedy duo Chidori), who loves money, visits various places, including popular visiting locations, and looks into different phenomena to learn how money plays a role. The undertaking help unravel unexpected trends in society. The pro

Curious fairies 'Nosy' create unique works using their imaginations, inspired by interesting phenomena and materials they found in the world of humans. Let's express your idea through creation with Nosy, as you think and explore.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

Rarely seen. Up-close with some of the planet's most amazing animals. Enter a world of unique creatures from Asia, Africa and the Americas.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

A documentary based on timely subjects famous for its dignity and in-depth reporting.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Wraps-up Sunday's sporting events with a guest commentator for an easy-to-understand approach to sports news.

A very popular live program on a Sunday afternoon held at different towns and cities around Japan. Guest singers will also join in for support.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

Special programs ranging from entertainment shows to documentaries will be shown.

Cockroaches, Carbon dioxide, Unwanted hair... Villains are anathema to the public as being 'dirty, noxious, and ugly.' But even villains have a point they want you to hear! In this program, we look at their amazing abilities revealed by the latest research, as well as the real villains, who are actually a little bit fascinating!

A scientific information program which explains the latest research, disasters and accidents from scientific aspects with a virtual set in the studio.

A variety program exploring the mysterious world of fish with the fish expert Sakana-kun.

A program probing into the truth behind the news related to the Tokyo Metropolitan area.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Let's look into the world of Ukiyoe to learn how people lived in Edo period!

Showcasing various programs and activities of NHK WORLD-JAPAN which provides the latest information on Japan and Asia to the global audience.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

This program uses familiar topics from Japan and around the world as entry points to delve deep into the hidden workings of various industries. By exploring the behind‑the‑scenes side of business, it uncovers insights and ideas that can help illuminate the path toward tomorrow.

The latest up-to-date weather information.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

An easy-to-do exercise program for everyone from children to the elderly.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Project X returns for the first time in 18 years. The former series featured people involved in project related to the Japanese industry and contemporary history. The new series focuses on people in the “Lost Era” following the collapse of the bubble economy. In every era, there are always those take on challenges. Even without receiving praise or being in the spotlight, some dedicate themselves t

Enjoy the Japanese natural beauties and the many creatures which habitat there and discover the irreplaceable importance of nature.

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The 96th Drama Serial is about Mineko, a girl born in Ibaraki Prefecture, who comes up to Tokyo for the mass employment during the high economic growth period. The story begins in 1964, the year of the Tokyo Olympics, and portrays her eventful life and growth as a person.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A 5-minute music program introducing classical music.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

The music program, hosted by Oizumi Yo, presents the greatest hits of J-pop from the 1960s to the present with high-quality sound and footage.

The challenges we face today are similar to what our forerunners went through. The program searches for clues to solve problems, utilizing the wisdoms of historical figures.

Actor Koyuki loves fermented food, visits grandmas throughout Japan who are experts in making fermented foods, and learns recipes for local dishes she wants to pass down for the future generations.

Each episode focuses on a word as a theme, exploring its meaning and history while discovering the charm of Japanese language. The program also features dance performances of quotes from the world's great figures, visits schools to interact with children, and introduces classical performing arts and songs, making it enjoyable for both children and adults.

Bringing out potential and capability of children aged 0 to 2 years by stimulating their feelings with pictures and sound.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Let's learn about SDGs while singing along! A selected goal out of 17 will be introduced in each one-minute song with animation.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

Nyan-chu, a cat from the earth, introduces human lives and cultures to the aliens in outer space.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

NHK's mainstay evening news program.

The challenges we face today are similar to what our forerunners went through. The program searches for clues to solve problems, utilizing the wisdoms of historical figures.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Tips on cooking for beginners.

Tips on cooking for beginners.

Tips on cooking for beginners.

Experts give advice to the questions and troubles from viewers about child-rearing.

Each week, a particular sweet and its recipe will be introduced along with various topics about the sweet.

A program introducing Japanese comic narratives performed by well-known comic storytellers.

Let's learn simple and easy-to-remember phrases, looking at a modern Europe that cherishes its history and traditions while pursuing a lifestyle that fits its stature. Furthermore, we explore tips for “happiness” and various forms of “joy” through the unique European way of thinking and values behind their languages and lifestyles.

This program is a practical listening course designed to help you understand fast-paced real English that you encounter when traveling abroad.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Short program to introduce physical exercise for the young and old.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

Learn useful tips on gardening.

Offering tips on growing flowers and greens through an animated short story.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Looking into topical information ranging from social issues to entertainment news through the eyes of the general public.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

An easy-to-do exercise program for everyone from children to the elderly.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The commentators present trending news, its background, and engaging information related to daily life in an easy-to –understand manner.

The 96th Drama Serial is about Mineko, a girl born in Ibaraki Prefecture, who comes up to Tokyo for the mass employment during the high economic growth period. The story begins in 1964, the year of the Tokyo Olympics, and portrays her eventful life and growth as a person.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

Program introduces the latest news from all over Japan.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A 5-minute music program introducing classical music.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

Specialists from different fields will make commentaries on current event issues.

Cockroaches, Carbon dioxide, Unwanted hair... Villains are anathema to the public as being 'dirty, noxious, and ugly.' But even villains have a point they want you to hear! In this program, we look at their amazing abilities revealed by the latest research, as well as the real villains, who are actually a little bit fascinating!

A journey to the different places around Japan.

Curious fairies 'Nosy' create unique works using their imaginations, inspired by interesting phenomena and materials they found in the world of humans. Let's express your idea through creation with Nosy, as you think and explore.

There are various interesting laws and rules and philosophies hidden in our daily lives. This program introduces children to them and how to think.

Children search for wonders worldwide and challenge themselves to communicate with foreigners in English through puppet shows, games, animation, and more. Have fun and learn English naturally with a witch, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu!

Bringing out potential and capability of children aged 0 to 2 years by stimulating their feelings with pictures and sound.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Let's learn about SDGs while singing along! A selected goal out of 17 will be introduced in each one-minute song with animation.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

In this brand-new series, the TV Warriors team up with viewers to raise and help a unique character evolve. Through a variety of challenges, the kids strive not to grow for the sake of someone else, but to grow for themselves.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

The program flexibly probes into a wide range of topics from the NHK's unique point of view.

The best of the singers will perform on the gorgeous stage with relays from various places in Japan.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Today's latest metropolitan area news and weather information program.

NHK's mainstay evening news program.

What kind of meals did the great generals and people who made their marks on history eat? Comedy trio Neptune recreates the dishes with experts, exploring the lifestyle and philosophies of great historical figures of the past and present. In addition, the comedy skits by Neptune are a must-see!

NHK news commentators give their views on current issues.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

An international news program providing in-depth report on what is happening around the world. (Dual audio when available)

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

This high-quality educational program, hosted by Tokiwa Takako, is designed for middle-aged and senior viewers with more free time, exploring ways to enjoy a fulfilling adult life through various topics, including food, health, and lifestyle.

Cooking instructors will show all there is to know for a good hearty cooking.

The program introduces various Tanka created by viewers while learning and having fun with engaging guests.

Let's learn simple and easy-to-remember phrases, looking at a modern Europe that cherishes its history and traditions while pursuing a lifestyle that fits its stature. Furthermore, we explore tips for “happiness” and various forms of “joy” through the unique European way of thinking and values behind their languages and lifestyles.

This program is a practical listening course designed to help you understand fast-paced real English that you encounter when traveling abroad.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

The program flexibly probes into a wide range of topics from the NHK's unique point of view.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The best of the singers will perform on the gorgeous stage with relays from various places in Japan.

Short program to introduce physical exercise for the young and old.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

This program enhances your daily life and provides useful information you can put into practice tomorrow.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Looking into topical information ranging from social issues to entertainment news through the eyes of the general public.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

An easy-to-do exercise program for everyone from children to the elderly.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

The best of the singers will perform on the gorgeous stage with relays from various places in Japan.

The program flexibly probes into a wide range of topics from the NHK's unique point of view.

What kind of meals did the great generals and people who made their marks on history eat? Comedy trio Neptune recreates the dishes with experts, exploring the lifestyle and philosophies of great historical figures of the past and present. In addition, the comedy skits by Neptune are a must-see!

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The commentators present trending news, its background, and engaging information related to daily life in an easy-to –understand manner.

The 96th Drama Serial is about Mineko, a girl born in Ibaraki Prefecture, who comes up to Tokyo for the mass employment during the high economic growth period. The story begins in 1964, the year of the Tokyo Olympics, and portrays her eventful life and growth as a person.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

Program introduces the latest news from all over Japan.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A 5-minute music program introducing classical music.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

Specialists from different fields will make commentaries on current event issues.

This high-quality educational program, hosted by Tokiwa Takako, is designed for middle-aged and senior viewers with more free time, exploring ways to enjoy a fulfilling adult life through various topics, including food, health, and lifestyle.

A historical documentary program starring an actor Sato Jiro as a boss of a history detective agency. Conducting on-site investigations and scientific simulations, Jiro and his detective team dig into and uncover the truth from historic mystery.

Bringing out potential and capability of children aged 0 to 2 years by stimulating their feelings with pictures and sound.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Let's learn about SDGs while singing along! A selected goal out of 17 will be introduced in each one-minute song with animation.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

In this brand-new series, the TV Warriors team up with viewers to raise and help a unique character evolve. Through a variety of challenges, the kids strive not to grow for the sake of someone else, but to grow for themselves.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

The program flexibly probes into a wide range of topics from the NHK's unique point of view.

Aiba Masaki hosts a brand‑new overseas travel show like no other. He visits hidden places rarely introduced in Japanese media, guided by local residents, and also travels abroad to thank the people who make the everyday items we rely on. From stunning scenery and unique cuisine to surprising lifestyles and unexpected ties to Japan, the show uncovers the world's hidden secrets.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Today's latest metropolitan area news and weather information program.

NHK's mainstay evening news program.

A historical documentary program starring an actor Sato Jiro as a boss of a history detective agency. Conducting on-site investigations and scientific simulations, Jiro and his detective team dig into and uncover the truth from historic mystery.

Throughout history, humans have been fascinated by the idea of predicting the future. Yet such predictions often turn out to be wrong. Why have we so often misjudged the future? This program revisits past predictions, calmly examines why they failed, and explores the unexpected turns that history has taken.

NHK news commentators give their views on current issues.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

An international news program providing in-depth report on what is happening around the world. (Dual audio when available)

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Offering tips on how to take most appropriate option when one becomes ill by referring examples.

Cooking instructors will show all there is to know for a good hearty cooking.

Focusing on enjoying Haiku, the program will introduce the various Haiku created by viewers.

Let's learn simple and easy-to-remember phrases, looking at a modern Europe that cherishes its history and traditions while pursuing a lifestyle that fits its stature. Furthermore, we explore tips for “happiness” and various forms of “joy” through the unique European way of thinking and values behind their languages and lifestyles.

This program is a practical listening course designed to help you understand fast-paced real English that you encounter when traveling abroad.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Aiba Masaki hosts a brand‑new overseas travel show like no other. He visits hidden places rarely introduced in Japanese media, guided by local residents, and also travels abroad to thank the people who make the everyday items we rely on. From stunning scenery and unique cuisine to surprising lifestyles and unexpected ties to Japan, the show uncovers the world's hidden secrets.

Short program to introduce physical exercise for the young and old.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

This program takes you into an exciting new world that captivate your heart.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Fresh news and information to start off the morning. Specialized reporters and anchors will wake up the viewers with this live news program.

Looking into topical information ranging from social issues to entertainment news through the eyes of the general public.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

An easy-to-do exercise program for everyone from children to the elderly.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Aiba Masaki hosts a brand‑new overseas travel show like no other. He visits hidden places rarely introduced in Japanese media, guided by local residents, and also travels abroad to thank the people who make the everyday items we rely on. From stunning scenery and unique cuisine to surprising lifestyles and unexpected ties to Japan, the show uncovers the world's hidden secrets.

Throughout history, humans have been fascinated by the idea of predicting the future. Yet such predictions often turn out to be wrong. Why have we so often misjudged the future? This program revisits past predictions, calmly examines why they failed, and explores the unexpected turns that history has taken.

A song program where children can sing along by reading the lyrics on the screen.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

The commentators present trending news, its background, and engaging information related to daily life in an easy-to –understand manner.

The 96th Drama Serial is about Mineko, a girl born in Ibaraki Prefecture, who comes up to Tokyo for the mass employment during the high economic growth period. The story begins in 1964, the year of the Tokyo Olympics, and portrays her eventful life and growth as a person.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

Program introduces the latest news from all over Japan.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

A 5-minute music program introducing classical music.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

Difficult to understand medical care is easily explained in this program as well as tips on healthcare.

A series of drama with casts in the spotlight, for the end of your day.

Specialists from different fields will make commentaries on current event issues.

Amid the issues that regional communities face, local people are rethinking about traditional values and exploring new ways to live together beyond generations. This is a travel documentary visiting affectionate lives of this country.

A scientific information program which explains the latest research, disasters and accidents from scientific aspects with a virtual set in the studio.

A variety program exploring the mysterious world of fish with the fish expert Sakana-kun.

Bringing out potential and capability of children aged 0 to 2 years by stimulating their feelings with pictures and sound.

This children's program includes a puppet show, cartoon, music, and gymnastics in which children can participate.

Let's learn about SDGs while singing along! A selected goal out of 17 will be introduced in each one-minute song with animation.

The latest up-to-date news from Tokyo.

In this program, children around the age of 4 can experience the pleasure of playing with friends, the wonder of life, the joy of doing thigs by themselves, and consideration for others, all while having fun through various discoveries.

In this brand-new series, the TV Warriors team up with viewers to raise and help a unique character evolve. Through a variety of challenges, the kids strive not to grow for the sake of someone else, but to grow for themselves.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

NHK's core news program wrapping up the day's events in an easy to understand way.

A unique theater show in which the showman chooses one item of the world and presents how to use or operate it with some surprising facts and useful tips that might 'update' your life.

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

Today's latest metropolitan area news and weather information program.

NHK's mainstay evening news program.

Two people who live in ”different worlds” - one physically impaired and unimpaired - and who have never met before, embark on a journey of three days and two nights. Will their world expand? This documentary provides an opportunity to think about diversity.

A series of drama with casts in the spotlight, for the end of your day.

An informational program that reveals Japan as it is by following incidents posted on local media such as local newspapers and business presses.

NHK news commentators give their views on current issues.

The latest up-to-date news and nationwide weather information.

An international news program providing in-depth report on what is happening around the world. (Dual audio when available)

Weather information of the different areas around the world.

The program introduces Japanese Traditional Performing Arts at a polite yet good pace to those who find them hard to approach. Familiarize yourself with the finest Japanese performing arts through talks from a beginner point of view while explaining a theme in an easy-to-understand way each time.